被动语态是英语语法中一个重要的组成部分，它允许我们将句子的焦点从动作的执行者转移到动作的承受者。理解并掌握被动语态的各种句式对于提升英语表达的精确度和丰富性至关重要。本文将详细探讨英语被动句的基本句式，并辅以实例说明。

基本结构：be + 过去分词

最基本的被动语态结构是 “be动词 + 过去分词”。be动词的形式（am, is, are, was, were, been, being）会随着时态、数和人称的变化而变化。过去分词则表示动作的完成状态。

简单现在时被动语态：am/is/are + 过去分词

例句：The letter is written by John. (信是约翰写的。)

例句：Apples are eaten every day. (苹果每天都被吃。)

简单过去时被动语态：was/were + 过去分词

例句：The house was built in 1990. (这栋房子建于1990年。)

例句: The window was broken last night. (窗户昨晚被打破了。)

现在进行时被动语态：am/is/are being + 过去分词

例句：The cake is being baked now. (蛋糕正在被烤。)

例句：The roads are being repaired. (道路正在被修复。)

过去进行时被动语态：was/were being + 过去分词

例句：The dinner was being prepared when I arrived. (当我到达时，晚餐正在被准备。)

例句: The car was being washed when the storm came. (当暴风雨来临时，汽车正在被清洗。)

现在完成时被动语态：have/has been + 过去分词

例句：The movie has been seen by millions of people. (这部电影已经被数百万人看过。)

例句: The problem has been solved. (问题已经被解决了。)

过去完成时被动语态：had been + 过去分词

例句：The room had been cleaned before the guests arrived. (客人们到达之前，房间已经被打扫干净了。)

例句: The mistake had been corrected before the report was submitted. (在报告提交之前，这个错误已经被纠正了。)

将来时被动语态：will be + 过去分词

例句：The package will be delivered tomorrow. (包裹明天将被送达。)

例句: The meeting will be held next week. (会议将在下周举行。)

含有情态动词的被动语态

情态动词（can, could, may, might, must, should, will, would）在被动语态中也扮演重要角色。结构是：情态动词 + be + 过去分词。

例句：The book can be borrowed from the library. (这本书可以从图书馆借到。)

例句：Mistakes should be avoided. (错误应该被避免。)

例句：The door must be locked. (门必须被锁上。)

带介词的被动语态

一些动词需要与特定的介词搭配使用。当这些动词被动化时，介词必须保留。

look at: He was looked at by everyone. (他被所有人看着。)

listen to: The music was listened to by the students. (学生们在听音乐。)

take care of: The baby was taken care of by his grandmother. (这个婴儿由他的祖母照顾。)

deal with: The problem was dealt with efficiently. (这个问题被高效地处理了。)

by短语的省略

在某些情况下， "by + 施动者" 可以省略，特别是当施动者不重要、未知、显而易见或者不想提及时。

例句：The window was broken. (窗户被打碎了。) (施动者未知)

例句：Mistakes were made. (犯了错误。) (施动者不重要)

例句: He was arrested. (他被逮捕了。) (施动者是警察，显而易见)

双宾语被动句

一些动词带有两个宾语：直接宾语和间接宾语。这两种宾语都可以作为被动句的主语。

主动句：He gave her a book.

被动句1：She was given a book (by him). (她被给予了一本书。)

被动句2：A book was given to her (by him). (一本书被给予了她。)

需要注意的是，并非所有动词都可以这样转换。通常，直接宾语转换为被动句主语更常见，也更自然。

形式被动句

形式被动句通常使用 "it" 作为形式主语，将真正的动作放在后面的 that 从句中。

主动句：People say that he is rich.

被动句：It is said that he is rich. (据说他很富有。)

被动语态的用途

被动语态不仅是一种语法结构，更是一种修辞手段。它可以用来：

强调动作的承受者，而不是执行者。

当动作的执行者未知或不重要时。

为了避免提及执行者，尤其是在不想承担责任的情况下。

为了使文章更客观、正式。

掌握这些被动语态的基本句式，并灵活运用，能够使你的英语表达更加准确、流畅和多样化，从而提升你的语言能力。