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Relative Clauses: Adding Depth and Detail to English Sentences
定语从句,或称relative clauses, 是英语语法中一个至关重要的组成部分。它们的作用是modify nounsor noun phrases, 从而提供更详细的信息,让句子更加精确和生动。 理解并掌握定语从句的使用,对于提升英语写作和阅读理解能力至关重要。
Understanding the Basics: Structure and Function
定语从句实际上是一个subordinate clause, 也就是说,它不能独立成句,而是依赖于主句才能表达完整的意义。 它依附于一个antecedent, 也就是被修饰的名词或代词。 定语从句通常由relative pronouns(who, whom, which, that) 或 relative adverbs (when, where, why) 引导。
例如:
The book that I borrowed from the library is very interesting. ( that I borrowed from the library 是定语从句,修饰 The book)
The woman who lives next door is a doctor. (who lives next door 是定语从句,修饰 The woman)
The restaurant where we had dinner last night is highly recommended. (where we had dinner last night 是定语从句,修饰 The restaurant)
Types of Relative Clauses: Defining vs. Non-defining
定语从句主要分为两种类型:defining relative clauses (限定性定语从句) 和 non-defining relative clauses (非限定性定语从句)。
Defining Relative Clauses (限定性定语从句): 这类定语从句提供了essential information, 对先行词进行限定,使其意思更加明确。 如果去掉限定性定语从句,句子的意思就会变得不完整或者模糊不清。 限定性定语从句不使用逗号与主句分隔。
例子:
The student who cheated on the exam was punished. (如果去掉 who cheated on the exam, 我们不知道具体是哪个学生被惩罚了。)
The car that he bought last week is already broken.
Non-defining Relative Clauses (非限定性定语从句): 这类定语从句提供的是extra information, 对先行词进行补充说明,即使去掉它,句子的意思仍然完整。 非限定性定语从句使用逗号与主句分隔。
例子:
My sister, who is a teacher, lives in London. (即使去掉 who is a teacher, 我们仍然知道是谁住在伦敦。)
Paris, which is the capital of France, is a beautiful city.
一个关键的区别在于使用哪个relative pronoun. 在非限定性定语从句中,我们不能使用that。 我们只能使用 who, whom, which, when, where, 和 whose.
Relative Pronouns and Adverbs: Choosing the Right One
选择正确的relative pronoun或relative adverb取决于先行词的性质以及它在定语从句中扮演的角色。
Who: 指代人,在从句中作主语。
Whom: 指代人,在从句中作宾语。 在非正式语境中,who 也可以代替 whom 作宾语。
Which: 指代事物,在从句中作主语或宾语。
That: 可以指代人或事物,在限定性定语从句中作主语或宾语。 但在非限定性定语从句中不能使用。
Whose: 指代人或事物,表示所有格。
When: 指代时间。
Where: 指代地点。
Why: 指代原因。
例子:
The man who helped me was very kind. ( who 作主语)
The book which I am reading is fascinating. (which 作宾语)
The house whose roof is damaged needs repair. (whose 表示所有格)
The day when I met him was unforgettable. (when 指代时间)
The city where I was born is small. (where 指代地点)
The reason why he left is unclear. (why 指代原因)
Omission of Relative Pronouns
在某些情况下,relative pronoun 可以省略, 尤其是在限定性定语从句中,当 relative pronoun 在从句中作宾语时。
例子:
The book I borrowed from the library is very interesting. (省略了 that)
The man she loves is a doctor. (省略了 who/whom)
Advanced Usage: Prepositions and Relative Clauses
当介词与relative pronoun一起使用时, 可以将介词放在 relative pronoun 之前,但通常只在正式语境中使用。
例子:
The woman to whom I spoke was very helpful. (更正式)
The woman who I spoke to was very helpful. (更常见)
Common Mistakes and How to Avoid Them
Confusing "that" and "which": 记住在非限定性定语从句中不能使用 that。
Incorrect use of commas: 确保正确使用逗号来区分限定性定语从句和非限定性定语从句。
Incorrect choice of relative pronoun: 仔细考虑先行词的性质和relative pronoun在从句中的作用。
Missing prepositions: 确保介词的位置正确。
Conclusion: Mastering Relative Clauses for Effective Communication
定语从句是英语语法中一个复杂但至关重要的部分。 掌握它们的用法能够显著提升英语写作的质量,使表达更加精确、流畅和信息丰富。 通过理解不同类型的定语从句,正确选择 relative pronouns 和 relative adverbs, 并避免常见的错误,可以有效地利用定语从句来丰富你的英语表达。 学习需要不断地练习,阅读和写作都不可或缺,相信通过大量的实践,你一定能熟练掌握并灵活运用各种定语从句,从而提升你的整体英语水平。
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